Section One: The Summary
"Hunger and Shame" is organized through many insights of different families in Tanzania who are struggling to keep their children alive from undernourishment and diseases. The book focuses on the malnutrition among the Chagga who live on the Southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Their rate of child malnutrition is among the highest in the country, which is also one of the poorest countries in the world. The book begins in the mid-1970s, when the famine had just ended but malnourishment had hit many families. The authors travel from household to household trying to gain a better understanding of the reasoning behind these starving children by meeting the parents and hearing their individual stories. The book portrays each household very descriptively. The authors describe one household by writing details about the urine drenched floors and cardboard walls. This book does not only give an introduction to children malnutrition but also goes behind the scenes of the meaning of poverty among the Chagga. Land shortage and population growth are two main contributors to child malnutrition along with the high amount of droughts that occur. "Hunger and Shame" also discusses how wage labor is another huge factor in malnutrition because the men are forced to migrate to other countries in order to make more money for their families while the women stay behind and work in the fields and care for their children, which can lead to and overload of work and neglect to their children. In one chapter of the book, the authors talked about the grandmother's role of caring for her grandchildren while their mother went out into the fields. However, the grandmother did not like her grandchildren because they were the children of her dead son's wife and her other son, she refused to give them medicine and they eventually died of sickness. Later on in the book NURU is introduced, the Nutrition Rehabilitation Unit established in 1972. The author brought this in because it relates to American readers and is very important to the Chagga. American funds help pay for this unit and many American and European doctors are employed. NURU provides many examples of the cultural complexities that must be solved in order for nutrition rehabilitation to succeed. The authors main purpose of writing this book is to not only confront the problem in Tanzania but offer solutions that many readers can help out with and it opens the door to better understanding with each individual story leading to more compassion felt by the audience.
Section Two: The Relevance
This book left me with unforgettable information that made an impact on how I view families living in poverty. For me personally, what really mattered was how parents are dealing with their children's death as if it was expected to happen. It really affected me to read about how common it is to have undernourished children but still the lifestyle remained the same. I will never forget the interview in the first chapter about a woman pregnant with her thirteenth child. "...while the twelfth was malnourished and still unable to walk at two and a half years of age. Five of their children had died"(page 7). I was shocked to learn that a couple who could not afford their last child they had is conceiving another. Before I thought that child hunger was mainly because of being homeless and having no shelter or support, but after reading this book I now know that these children are born into this lifestyle and suffer from the beginning. I also learned many of the customs and beliefs of the Chagga that also contribute to child malnutrition. "Serious childhood illness often raise suspicions of supernatural interference" (page 155). If a child showed signs of weakness or illness the Chagga were too scared to support them and get them the nutrition they needed because it could cause their children to suffer also, so many children died of being neglected. This book also helped me understand more clearly the symptoms of malnutrition "Hamisi had all the symptoms of severe malnutrition, including puffy, flaky, discolored skin and thinning, discolored hair. His petulance drove the other children away, and he rejected even the touch of his own mother as he teetered on the edge of survival" (page 168). Overall, I enhanced my knowledge so much by reading this book and I will never forget those stories and the struggles each family faced everyday.
Section Three: The Critique
"Hunger and Shame" is one of the most informative books you will ever read. I definitely think its worth reading because it gives readers more of an insight to all the problems that lead up to child malnutrition. I think the authors did a great job making their book personal and relatable. When describing the families and their struggles I think the readers will be more engaged than if reading just a history report. "...few precautions had been taken to keep Roberto's bottle from becoming a source of infection. His death, however, also brought me to confront poverty, social instability, emotional conflict, sorcery, and ideas about the power of a Chagga curse" (page 23). This quote is a great example of how the author showed her compassion through her writing and how it motivated her to make a change. People who are focused on believing that child malnutrition only occurs in the poorest of countries or in children who are without a home or who would like to learn more about the reasoning behind the high rates of children deaths in Tanzania would most likely benefit the most from "Hunger and Shame". When I started reading this book I had very little knowledge of the causes of child hunger but after reading this book I have a much better understanding and I can now comprehend why so many children are dying rather than making my own hypothesis. Some strengths in the writing was the text used to describe the setting. "The children whimpered for the lack of camouflage in their barren surroundings as they scurried to escape the glare of the strangers who had so rudely entered their home. A stench of urine coming from the children's bedding began to overwhelm us"(page 5). By using so much description is makes the reader visualize more what these families are going through and it makes the book more interesting. Some weaknesses in the book were that the authors didn't continue on with the families later on in the book. They introduced them and talked about their situations but never did they return to them later in the book except for one family. I would have liked to see how the families ended up or if they had changed their lifestyle at all. This would have made the writing more personal and engaging. However, this book had great information and was extremely well written and I would recommend it to anyone. I really enjoyed "Hunger and Shame" and I'm glad I got the opportunity to learn about the people who live on Mt. Kilimanjaro.
Thursday, January 10, 2013
Thursday, December 20, 2012
The Nitty Gritty Details
When researching about child hunger I found many different sources.....
Feeding America. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-facts/child-hunger-facts.aspx>.
Feeding America. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-facts/child-hunger-facts.aspx>.
This website is great source for readers who want to enhance their knowledge about world hunger. There are many different pages on different topics of malnutrition. Some of the website talks about personal experiences while another page shows how readers can help. This source is very helpful to people looking for information because it is very reliable due the fact that is seen across the world and people are donating to the cause. I also think the website does a great job putting the readers in the shoes of someone starving because of the personal stories, it benefits the website because more people want to donate but it also benefits the readers. Overall, this source helped me the most on my topic and I would recommend this website to anyone who is looking to increase their knowledge about world malnutrition.
This source was perfect for what I needed for my blog on statistics. It had very shocking facts that grabbed my blog readers attention. However this source does not give information about the reasoning behind the statistics so I had to imagine what might have happened instead of knowing. This can create fictional facts because someone will take these facts and put their own reasoning behind it that will be untrue. If readers need to compare statistics or make a graph, this source is very reliable and great but too gain information past numbers I think people could find a better site.
Friday, December 14, 2012
6B: My Choice
I chose to do another blog about an article I read based on the challenges of malnutrition. I believe that reading personal stories of people who have suffered from starvation is the best way to understand my topic. Readers can put themselves in others shoes and see the experience at a different angle rather than I blogging about facts.
SOMALIA: Halima Omar
July, 2011
In Somalia's Lower Shebelle Region a huge drought occurred and the Halima Omar family who was once considered very wealthy and powerful, owning 100 heads of cattle, now was completely torn apart and the family had been displaced. Omar, who was thirty years old had to bury four of her own children do to the lack of income and availability of food. "We were very comfortable when we had our animals. We were one of the better-off families in Da'ara. But this changed when we lost our last cow five months ago." This family based their lives off of their cattle and when the economy started to become weak and they couldn't sell any of their herd and had nothing. "The cows were all we had. My husband went looking for food every day in the bush but there was not much to hunt. Some days, he will come with enough from the bush to eat for one meal; other days we will go hungry. We went hungry more days than we ate. My children started dying slowly." Many families were experiencing this but even worse. This family was considered healthy and well off at the beginning so when their children started dying, many others had already lost their children.
Two of her children had survived through the suffering and so the family decided to make a change. "We finally left the village two weeks ago to try to save the last two. Now we are in this camp in Kurtunwarey with many other families like us. I am breastfeeding both of my children because I have nothing else." This was the main option that most of the families decided was the best. The camp however did not provide food so the struggling of surviving had not changed. Omar described the camp as very helpful at the beginning while everyone gives their condolence's to each other but there were too many of them to make it worth it. There was many kids that were weak and sick and every day was a struggle. The article ended with a quote "Maybe this is our fate or maybe a miracle will happen and we will all be saved from this nightmare."
I chose this article because it was a personal story that let the readers get an inside look on the way life really is when having only one to none meals a day. The purpose of this article was to gain more information as to why kids are dying from starvation. Droughts can occur anywhere are are extremely hapless so I think that this was a good example of that this issue is worldly and something to take serious. This article was not intended for donating money or volunteering for an organization, it was to make readers more aware of what happens in every day life for some families. The question that still remains in my head though is why did people go to this camp and how did it benefit them?
"SOMALIA: Halima Omar, "I Watched Four of My Children Die of Hunger"" IRINnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.
SOMALIA: Halima Omar
July, 2011
In Somalia's Lower Shebelle Region a huge drought occurred and the Halima Omar family who was once considered very wealthy and powerful, owning 100 heads of cattle, now was completely torn apart and the family had been displaced. Omar, who was thirty years old had to bury four of her own children do to the lack of income and availability of food. "We were very comfortable when we had our animals. We were one of the better-off families in Da'ara. But this changed when we lost our last cow five months ago." This family based their lives off of their cattle and when the economy started to become weak and they couldn't sell any of their herd and had nothing. "The cows were all we had. My husband went looking for food every day in the bush but there was not much to hunt. Some days, he will come with enough from the bush to eat for one meal; other days we will go hungry. We went hungry more days than we ate. My children started dying slowly." Many families were experiencing this but even worse. This family was considered healthy and well off at the beginning so when their children started dying, many others had already lost their children.
Two of her children had survived through the suffering and so the family decided to make a change. "We finally left the village two weeks ago to try to save the last two. Now we are in this camp in Kurtunwarey with many other families like us. I am breastfeeding both of my children because I have nothing else." This was the main option that most of the families decided was the best. The camp however did not provide food so the struggling of surviving had not changed. Omar described the camp as very helpful at the beginning while everyone gives their condolence's to each other but there were too many of them to make it worth it. There was many kids that were weak and sick and every day was a struggle. The article ended with a quote "Maybe this is our fate or maybe a miracle will happen and we will all be saved from this nightmare."
I chose this article because it was a personal story that let the readers get an inside look on the way life really is when having only one to none meals a day. The purpose of this article was to gain more information as to why kids are dying from starvation. Droughts can occur anywhere are are extremely hapless so I think that this was a good example of that this issue is worldly and something to take serious. This article was not intended for donating money or volunteering for an organization, it was to make readers more aware of what happens in every day life for some families. The question that still remains in my head though is why did people go to this camp and how did it benefit them?
"SOMALIA: Halima Omar, "I Watched Four of My Children Die of Hunger"" IRINnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012.
Thursday, December 13, 2012
6:A Quotes Quotes Quotes.....
"Francis and Bibiana had a coffee farm of average size; however, they could not afford the agricultural necessary to maintain good harvests. They were dependent on cash income for buying food and could not purchase enough to feed their children" (page 54).
This quote grabbed my attention because it shows one of the main causes of child malnutrition and how realistic it can happen. I can relate to this because growing up on a farm you know how many expenses there are and its hard to make a living in a tough economy, so farmers in Mt. Kilimanjaro have even a tougher time and must rely on other sources for money. It fits into the overall message of my book because it shows the struggles that everyday citizens are challenged with and how easily it can happen to anyone and not just people without a job.
"He seemed to withdraw from us because carrying him only caused him pain; his body was swollen and tender from malnutrition"(page 24).
I was very intrigued by this quote because it was very shocking and the text leading up to this brought a lot of confusion. The baby was growing sick and starving but the mom didn't seem to concerned and was feeding him a bottle that was dirty. This quote fits into the purpose of "Hunger and Shame" because the strong message that is trying to be passed on is the lack of education that leads to malnutrition and sickness. Many families are faced with problems everyday that they don't know anything about and don't comprehend if what they are doing is wrong or right so many kids die of starvation and sickness.
"Increased demand for their labor in the fields makes it difficult to continue prolonged breastfeeding. In the household, they also have to work at various tasks and care for many other children. Most families cannot afford to lose a woman's labor for six months" (page 109).
This was a very interesting amount of information that was written and that's why I picked it. A children's starvation can come from lack of money but also from lack of breast milk due to women working in the fields. This fits into my book because it shows how in third world countries, women are more needed for labor rather than raising children. The message trying to be portrayed is that children are being neglected because families are trying to harvest their lands are make money for the children. However, the children aren't receiving the proper diet without breast milk and are suffering from malnutrition.
This quote grabbed my attention because it shows one of the main causes of child malnutrition and how realistic it can happen. I can relate to this because growing up on a farm you know how many expenses there are and its hard to make a living in a tough economy, so farmers in Mt. Kilimanjaro have even a tougher time and must rely on other sources for money. It fits into the overall message of my book because it shows the struggles that everyday citizens are challenged with and how easily it can happen to anyone and not just people without a job.
"He seemed to withdraw from us because carrying him only caused him pain; his body was swollen and tender from malnutrition"(page 24).
I was very intrigued by this quote because it was very shocking and the text leading up to this brought a lot of confusion. The baby was growing sick and starving but the mom didn't seem to concerned and was feeding him a bottle that was dirty. This quote fits into the purpose of "Hunger and Shame" because the strong message that is trying to be passed on is the lack of education that leads to malnutrition and sickness. Many families are faced with problems everyday that they don't know anything about and don't comprehend if what they are doing is wrong or right so many kids die of starvation and sickness.
"Increased demand for their labor in the fields makes it difficult to continue prolonged breastfeeding. In the household, they also have to work at various tasks and care for many other children. Most families cannot afford to lose a woman's labor for six months" (page 109).
This was a very interesting amount of information that was written and that's why I picked it. A children's starvation can come from lack of money but also from lack of breast milk due to women working in the fields. This fits into my book because it shows how in third world countries, women are more needed for labor rather than raising children. The message trying to be portrayed is that children are being neglected because families are trying to harvest their lands are make money for the children. However, the children aren't receiving the proper diet without breast milk and are suffering from malnutrition.
Tuesday, December 4, 2012
Feeding America
http://feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-facts/child-hunger-facts.aspx
The purpose of the website "feedingamerica.org" is to increase awarness of world hunger and show the impact is has on everyone. In addition to giving out more knowledge and facts, this website also tells the reader what they can do to help by showing options of ways to donate and give to help these people that are suffering. A non-profit organization created this website that is very well organized and engaging.
Throughout the website everything is very easy to navigate and well organized into six topics that are located on the top of the page. These six topics cover all the information the reader will need. The layout is very well thought out and grabs the reader's eye right away. There are many pictures on every single page of different children and the background of the website is a picture of a field that ties together everything. The site looks professional and is definitely well written. To the looks of it, this website has many editors because is world known and there can't be any mistakes.
Feedingamerica.org has more than just the basic facts of world hunger. Under the tab "Hunger in America" there are facts about different ages and races that suffer from malnutrition. This helps the reader understand the impact that is has on everyone. It also gives more information on personal experiences that sets it apart from other websites. When viewers question how serious the issue is, personal stories impact their lives more than just facts, so that is amount of information is very beneficial. All the information is correct and effective but at the same time not overwhelming.
Feedingamerica.org was created by a non-profit organization that gives more information about world hunger but it also gives people the opportunity to do something about it and donate to families. It is a trustworthy site because it deals with money from people around the world and therefore it had to be approved by the government and readers can depend on it because it does not fabricate. This website is being updated on a regular basis because in the top right corner there is tab for getting email updates everyday for the readers. Due to the fact that Feedingamerica.org is an organization that is trying to raise money for the people suffering, the website does have a bias. The creators think that world hunger is one of the largest issues happening in the world so they are trying to make a change, by believing smaller world issues are not as much of a problem. With this belief their bias would be that people should donate to their cause more.
Overall, this website is very reliable and has interminable amounts of information and ways to contribute to world malnutrition. People can rely on this source to donate their money or if they need more facts for a research paper.
The purpose of the website "feedingamerica.org" is to increase awarness of world hunger and show the impact is has on everyone. In addition to giving out more knowledge and facts, this website also tells the reader what they can do to help by showing options of ways to donate and give to help these people that are suffering. A non-profit organization created this website that is very well organized and engaging.
Throughout the website everything is very easy to navigate and well organized into six topics that are located on the top of the page. These six topics cover all the information the reader will need. The layout is very well thought out and grabs the reader's eye right away. There are many pictures on every single page of different children and the background of the website is a picture of a field that ties together everything. The site looks professional and is definitely well written. To the looks of it, this website has many editors because is world known and there can't be any mistakes.
Feedingamerica.org has more than just the basic facts of world hunger. Under the tab "Hunger in America" there are facts about different ages and races that suffer from malnutrition. This helps the reader understand the impact that is has on everyone. It also gives more information on personal experiences that sets it apart from other websites. When viewers question how serious the issue is, personal stories impact their lives more than just facts, so that is amount of information is very beneficial. All the information is correct and effective but at the same time not overwhelming.
Feedingamerica.org was created by a non-profit organization that gives more information about world hunger but it also gives people the opportunity to do something about it and donate to families. It is a trustworthy site because it deals with money from people around the world and therefore it had to be approved by the government and readers can depend on it because it does not fabricate. This website is being updated on a regular basis because in the top right corner there is tab for getting email updates everyday for the readers. Due to the fact that Feedingamerica.org is an organization that is trying to raise money for the people suffering, the website does have a bias. The creators think that world hunger is one of the largest issues happening in the world so they are trying to make a change, by believing smaller world issues are not as much of a problem. With this belief their bias would be that people should donate to their cause more.
Overall, this website is very reliable and has interminable amounts of information and ways to contribute to world malnutrition. People can rely on this source to donate their money or if they need more facts for a research paper.
Friday, November 30, 2012
World Hunger Statistics
The shocking facts behind world hunger.....
- 15 million children die each year from hunger
- 33% of the world is considered to be starving
- There are 3.6 seconds between deaths of people who die from hunger
- 800 million people in the world struggle with starvation and malnutrition
- 936 million people do no have enough to eat
- 98% of people living in developing countries do not have enough to eat
- 20,864 people die from hunger each day
- 11% of U.S. households are at risk of hunger
Although many readers find these statistics to be sad and depressing I chose this set of data because hunger is a worldly issue that many people die from and these statistics show how many deaths happen each year and each day and that more people should be aware. I found this data on a statistics website that is used across the world to show readers statistics about everything, so I believe this source is very reliable because people rely on it across the world for statistics, financials, numbers and rankings and it is a very well known website. This data is complete because the statistics are up to date and it gives an overall outlook of the cause and effects of world hunger.
Many insights are gained based off of this data. The cause of the 15 million children dying is probably due to the fact that many families are living in poverty and have many children per household. In my book the author talks about interviewing a family that lives in Mt. Kilamanjaro and the mom has 15 children but cannot afford food for any of them and many of them have died. 800 million people are struggling with starvation because of the lack of income per family and therefor a plethora of kids are not able to receive meals every day and neither are the parents.
This set of data helps the reader understand the global issue of world hunger. Since each statistic is so shocking it makes the reader want to know why the numbers are so large so they research it more and realize that this starvation is a problem that needs to be more well known. Readers can learn about how many deaths are actually caused just from starvation. This data will enhance their understanding of the topic.
One thing I would like to see different about this data is to show how many children are starving that have single mother or who are homeless or have two parents. This would show more information about the income situation and the reader could receive a better insight.
Citation "World Hunger Statistics." Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. <http://www.statisticbrain.com/world-hunger-statistics/>
Many insights are gained based off of this data. The cause of the 15 million children dying is probably due to the fact that many families are living in poverty and have many children per household. In my book the author talks about interviewing a family that lives in Mt. Kilamanjaro and the mom has 15 children but cannot afford food for any of them and many of them have died. 800 million people are struggling with starvation because of the lack of income per family and therefor a plethora of kids are not able to receive meals every day and neither are the parents.
This set of data helps the reader understand the global issue of world hunger. Since each statistic is so shocking it makes the reader want to know why the numbers are so large so they research it more and realize that this starvation is a problem that needs to be more well known. Readers can learn about how many deaths are actually caused just from starvation. This data will enhance their understanding of the topic.
One thing I would like to see different about this data is to show how many children are starving that have single mother or who are homeless or have two parents. This would show more information about the income situation and the reader could receive a better insight.
Citation "World Hunger Statistics." Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. <http://www.statisticbrain.com/world-hunger-statistics/>
Friday, November 16, 2012
Thoughts behind under nourished children
Peter Kimeu a small-scale farmer in machos, Kenya and writer for the New York Times wrote an article on his personal experience growing up in a hungry childhood. The droughts were so bad in Kenya that even if someone had a lot of money they did not have any food to purchase. No food was being grown and so the children weren't being fed.
Kimeu, Peter. "Remembering a Hungry Childhood." New York Times [New York City] 10 Sept. 2011: n. pag. Print.
" I can't count the number of days when "I slept like that" or describe the feeling of going to sleep hungry knowing I'd wake up and there would still be no food for breakfast. The author helped the readers answer their questions on why child hunger is happening. Most people think that it is from the lack of money and poverty but Kimeu has a different story. The droughts are "cyclical" in Kenya. "I would walk the roads and search the ground to see if someone had spat out a bit of chewed-up sugar cane." The children would jostle each other for the last scrap. Many parents of starving children lose their jobs and can't afford food and it affects the whole community. This article was about how many people think that children are starving from being neglected or parent are financially hurting but this gives another point of view of how children are starving from a drought.
The Rev. Sarai Schnucker Rice and Kristine Frakes who are both writers for the DesMoines paper shard their opinions and beliefs on how there are lasting effects on childhood hunger. The article describes how if kids don't receive the proper nutrition of food at a young age it can affect the neurological architecture of your brain and central nervous system and it will be fundamentally and negatively altered.
Schnucker Rice, Sarai, and Kristine Frakes. "Iowa View: There Are Lasting Effects from Childhood Hunger." DesMoinesRegister.com. N.p., 27 Oct. 2012. Web. <http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121028/OPINION01/310280038/Iowa-View-There-lasting-effects-from-childhood-hunger>.
These two authors talk about how being undernourished can affect the community in the future. "As you mature into adulthood, you will not be well-prepared mentally, emotionally, physically or socially to perform in contemporary work environments". They also share their thoughts about how the government's assistance is not enough, and for the low-income families there just simply isn't enough food. Eventually there is not enough to stay in school long enough to learn their rudimentary skills and become productive adults.
The message they are trying to get through is that the world has to do something different and create a new solution so that they can ensure a more promising foundation for the children and future of the community.
So what?
These two articles explain the suffering that the lack of food causes. Since the first article broke down to a certain cause of starvation it can impact the world and how they want to make a difference because of the knowledge they received. The second article shows the over all result of child malnourishment and since it is more relatable, it impacts the readers more to make a difference for the better of their community.
Kimeu, Peter. "Remembering a Hungry Childhood." New York Times [New York City] 10 Sept. 2011: n. pag. Print.
" I can't count the number of days when "I slept like that" or describe the feeling of going to sleep hungry knowing I'd wake up and there would still be no food for breakfast. The author helped the readers answer their questions on why child hunger is happening. Most people think that it is from the lack of money and poverty but Kimeu has a different story. The droughts are "cyclical" in Kenya. "I would walk the roads and search the ground to see if someone had spat out a bit of chewed-up sugar cane." The children would jostle each other for the last scrap. Many parents of starving children lose their jobs and can't afford food and it affects the whole community. This article was about how many people think that children are starving from being neglected or parent are financially hurting but this gives another point of view of how children are starving from a drought.
The Rev. Sarai Schnucker Rice and Kristine Frakes who are both writers for the DesMoines paper shard their opinions and beliefs on how there are lasting effects on childhood hunger. The article describes how if kids don't receive the proper nutrition of food at a young age it can affect the neurological architecture of your brain and central nervous system and it will be fundamentally and negatively altered.
Schnucker Rice, Sarai, and Kristine Frakes. "Iowa View: There Are Lasting Effects from Childhood Hunger." DesMoinesRegister.com. N.p., 27 Oct. 2012. Web. <http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121028/OPINION01/310280038/Iowa-View-There-lasting-effects-from-childhood-hunger>.
These two authors talk about how being undernourished can affect the community in the future. "As you mature into adulthood, you will not be well-prepared mentally, emotionally, physically or socially to perform in contemporary work environments". They also share their thoughts about how the government's assistance is not enough, and for the low-income families there just simply isn't enough food. Eventually there is not enough to stay in school long enough to learn their rudimentary skills and become productive adults.
The message they are trying to get through is that the world has to do something different and create a new solution so that they can ensure a more promising foundation for the children and future of the community.
So what?
These two articles explain the suffering that the lack of food causes. Since the first article broke down to a certain cause of starvation it can impact the world and how they want to make a difference because of the knowledge they received. The second article shows the over all result of child malnourishment and since it is more relatable, it impacts the readers more to make a difference for the better of their community.
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